The Cold War and U.S. Diplomacy the Truman Doctrine free essay sample

They viewed communism as a secular, millennial religion that informed the Gremlins worldview and actions and made it the chief threat to American security, liberty, and world peace. They rejected the moral equivalence of democratic and Communist governments and concluded that until the regime in Moscow changed only American and Allied strength could curb the Soviets. In early 1947 the British government, which was socialist but anti-Communist, secretly told Washington its treasury was empty and it could no longer give military and economic aid to Greece or Turkey, requested the U S. Sake over. Achaeans convinced Truman to act quickly lest Greece be taken over by its communist artisans who were at the time strongly supported by the Soviet government working through the communist Bulgarian and Yugoslav governments. If Greece fell, Turkey would be helpless and soon the eastern Mediterranean would fall under Stalins control. Following Cohesions advice, Truman in 1947 announced the Truman Doctrine of containing Communist expansion by furnishing military and economic American aid to Europe and Asia, and particularly to Greece and Turkey. We will write a custom essay sample on The Cold War and U.S. Diplomacy the Truman Doctrine or any similar topic specifically for you Do Not WasteYour Time HIRE WRITER Only 13.90 / page The Republican Congress, after extensive hearings, approved this historic change in U. S. Foreign policy in a bill signed May 22, 1947. To whip up American support for the policy of containment, Truman overstated the Soviet threat to the United States. In turn, his statements inspired a wave of hysterical anti-communism throughout the country and set the stage for the emergence of McCarthy. Containment also called for extensive economic aid to assist the recovery of war-torn Western Europe. With many of the regions nations economically and politically unstable, the United States feared that local communist parties, erected by Moscow, would capitalize on their wartime record of resistance to the Nazis and come to power. Something needed to be done, Secretary of State George Marshall noted, for the patient is sinking while the doctors deliberate. Marshall was formerly the highest ranking officer in the U. S. Armed forces and credited as the chief organizer of the American military victory in World War II.In mid-1947 Marshall asked troubled European nations to draw up a program directed not against any country or doctrine but against hunger, poverty, desperation and chaos. The Soviets participated in the first planning meeting, then departed rather than share economic data on their resources and problems, and submit to Western controls on the expenditure of the aid. The remaining 16 nations hammered out a request that finally came to $17 thousand million for a four-year period. In early 1948 Congress voted to assist European economic recovery, dubbed the Marshall Plan, and generally regarded as one of the most successful U.S. Foreign policy initiatives in history. He followed up with the Marshall Plan, which was enacted into law as the European Recovery Program (ERR) and led ultimately to NATO, the North Atlantic Alliance for military defense, signed in 1949. Soviet domination of Eastern Europe alarmed the West. The United States led the effort to create a military alliance to complement economic efforts at containment. In 1949 the United States and 11 other countries established the North Atlantic Treaty Organization (NATO), an alliance based on the principle of collective security.An attack against one was to be considered an attack against all, to be met by appropriate force. The next year, the United States defined its defense aims clearly. The National Security Council (NCSC) undertook a full-fledged review of American foreign and defense policy. The resulting document, known as NCSC-68, signaled a new direction in American security policy. Based on the assumption that the Soviet Union was engaged in a fanatical effort to seize control of all governments wherever possible, the document committed America to assist allied nations anywhere in the world which seemed threatened by Soviet aggression.The United States proceeded o increase defense spending dramatically in response to Soviet threats against Europe and the American, British and French presence in West Berlin. United States support for the partition of Palestine was crucial to the adoption Of the UN partition plan and to the creation Of the State Of Israel. During World War II, the USA was anxious to maintain good relations with Saudi Arabia. President Roosevelt had promised King Saudi that the USA would make no policy decisions about Palestine without consulting the Arabs, though Roosevelt tried to enlist Saudi support for allowing Jewish immigration to Palestine.Following Roosevelt verbal promise to Saudi to consult the Arabs about Palestine policy, he reiterated the promise in writing on April 5, 1945. However, a week later, Roosevelt was dead, replaced by Vice President Harry S. Truman, and the end of the war created a different political reality as well as bringing the revelation of massive murder of Jews in the Holocaust. Traumas support for a Jewish state had evolved over time, shaped by a number of factors. Though LOL Henderson and others in the StateDepartment had insisted that a Jewish state would compromise the position Of the US in the Middle East, the opposite position was equally tenable. The notion that Henderson and Marshall advocated, that the Zionists were communists and would therefore side with the USSR was founded on personal prejudice rather than fact, and backfired when the possibility was raised that the USSR would intervene on behalf of Israel, absent IIS support The idea that Truman had initially entertained, and that the State Department encouraged, that a Jewish state could only be defended by hundreds of husbands of US troops, proved to be groundless.It is probably this realization more than any that turned the tide, and overcame the single greatest objection. On May 14, 1 948, Truman announced recognition of the new state of Israel, making the United States the first major power to do so. We can see that Truman decisions of containment were successful in stopping and preventing the USSR to take over or influence Turkey, Greece, and Israel. This alone is a great victory for democracy. These three countries also were able to joined NATO.

How to Write an Essay on Application of Teaching Standards

How to Write an Essay on Application of Teaching Standards Essay about Application of Teaching Standards How to start How to write the introduction How to compose body paragraphs How to finish the essay: Conclusion writing Essay revision Outline sample A reflective essay about application of teaching standards (Sample) Writing an essay about the application of teaching standards is certainly purposeful. The number one aim of such an essay is that it calls the readers’ attention for a closer look at the serious issue of the application of teaching standards which is a topic that is open to various opinions and stands. An essay on this theme scrutinizes the applicability of the very standards and questions their suitability for the current advancements and circumstances. It could also be considered as an attempt to question their effectiveness. How to start First of all, you should think about the meaning of teaching standards and look for some authentic definitions that could make you understand what such standards could be. After you have taken notes of certain teaching standards, try to look at them with a critical eye so that you detect if any of them does not seem to be that effective. Think about a possible structure on which your essay will be based; for instance, compare and contrast, argumentative, or explanatory scheme. How to write the introduction A general introduction about the application of teaching standards could start with the general theme of school and teaching. Proceed progressively while you narrow down your focus until you reach the crux of the matter which is the application of teaching standards in this case. You could define the key term briefly in the same part, as lay readers could enquire about its meaning. The last element of the introduction consists of the thesis statement where you clearly state the essential features that your essay paragraphs are going to revolve around. How to compose body paragraphs A topic sentence is necessary for the opening of the paragraphs that will explain your main points. It is important to make sure that the body elements reflect the same scheme announced in the thesis statement, otherwise you would fall in incongruity. Consistency of thoughts should be carefully maintained when you go around illustrating and linking information. Thus, abrupt change of ideas is not something you might want to consider doing. Unless you are emphasizing one particular message by means of highlighting, you are not going to benefit from the repeated ideas; then, try to avoid redundancy and needless repetitions. While you are tackling your personal reflection on the application of teaching standards, it is advisable that you stick to your own point of view, which is either for or against the application of such standards, otherwise you would distract the reader. Hook your readers through the incorporation of appeals that could make them embrace your opinion and adhere to it. How to finish the essay: Conclusion writing Have a second look at the content of your body paragraphs so that you are fully aware of what you have included in your essay. Briefly summarize the principle arguments in a way that does not seem too much explanatory. Link the very summary of your personal behavior and experience, as you show how the application of those teaching standards have proven to be successful or ineffective according to your own educational experience. Essay revision It is recommended that you read each and every word when you revise your essay. Remove the unnecessary lines that make no sense or that could only complicate the picture. One important step is to look for the most repeated terms and replace them with suitable synonyms. The second look at your cohesive devices is a plus point. Outline sample I. Introduction General introduction: school and teaching Thesis statement: three main arguments II. Body Paragraph 1: benefits of the application of teaching standards Paragraph 2: disadvantages of the application of teaching standards Paragraph 3: suggested solutions to optimize teaching standards. III. Conclusion Brief summary of the three body arguments. Call to action through the proposition of fresh solutions to improve teaching standards and learning. A reflective essay about application of teaching standards (Sample) Almost in every country all over the globe, there some teaching standards followed in the academic field. In fact, such standards could vary depending on many factors, mainly cultural ones. But, the concept is the same; it is the idea of respecting certain teaching norms and applying them by hook or by crook to reach a the desired learning goal. In this essay, you could find a reflective account of the benefits of teaching standards, their disadvantages, and suggestions on how to optimize them. From a positive angle, one could attest that the application of teaching standards is beneficial in a variety of ways. Indeed, beginner teachers seem to always resort to them on the account that they offer an accessible database-like wealth of tips, methods, and techniques that just need to be followed. Apart from that, teaching standards are destined to the production of particular learning effects. Thus, teaching standards are not disconnected from learning standards, eventually. Through the application of teaching standards, a teacher rests assured that their students are being taught conformably with their grade level so that they become able to make it when it comes to standardized assessments. However varied teaching standards are, they have many aspects in common. Their shared attributes manifest themselves in terms of content, structure, design, and learning purpose. What makes them effective enough is that they draw on the categorization by subject areas. It is almost the case in all schools to find subjects like Maths, English Language, History, etc. The positive aspects of teaching standards could not succeed in concealing their disadvantageous aspects that never cease to erode the authenticity of learning. Such standard teaching norms may not be as effective as they are thought to be. I am a firm believer that a course design should be flexible enough to comprise the various needs of diverse learners. To apply teaching standards that stretch the students’ abilities and push them to work harder may turn out to be counter-productive, especially in the case of low-functioning students who have learning disabilities and disorders. As a matter of fact, the pursuit of excellence is not available to all types of students, if teachers stick solely to the application of teaching standards. Information processing does not go at the same pace for all students. I remember when I was at school, the teacher used to ask us â€Å"is everything clear?†, not all the students said â€Å"yes†. Though not all, some of those silent students have not grasped the essence of the ideas explained, and for some reason hesitated to say that they did not understand. Those little details make it necessary to stop by, forget about teaching standards, and look at the learning needs, in particular. Teaching standards should be reconsidered. Many of them have been in use for ages. Some of the teaching standards are transferred from one generation to another and from one school to another in an arbitrary manner, just as heritage is transferred. Yet, the modern developments, mainly at the technological scale have brought innovative and creative approaches to learning. It is for this reason that teaching standards have to be refined according to the actual circumstances. Some would argue that the programming language has to be learned as a second language just like a natural language is learned. This idea triggers the flame of change towards more innovative and fine-tuned perspective towards the application of teaching standards. They could be developed through a recategorization of subject areas to keep the balance between what is theoretical and what is applied. Educational consistency and equity should be taken into consideration as well to improve those standards. To put it in a nutshell, the application of teaching standards remains an inevitable operation that schools and colleges rely on. A scrutinizing eye could not overlook the advantages and disadvantages of such measures. Yet, one could continue to propose practical solutions for the improvement of teaching standards in one way or another.

Multi-threading in C# With Tasks

Multi-threading in C# With Tasks The computer programming term thread is short for  thread  of execution, in which a processor follows a specified path through your code. The concept of following more than one thread at a time introduces the subject of multi-tasking and multi-threading. An application has one or more processes in it. Think of a process as a program running on your computer. Now each process has one or more threads. A game application might have a thread to load resources from disk, another to do AI, and another to run the game as a server. In .NET/Windows,  the operating system allocates processor time to a thread. Each thread keeps track of exception handlers and the priority at which it runs, and it has somewhere to save the thread context until it runs. Thread context is the information that the thread needs to resume. Multi-Tasking With Threads Threads take up a bit of memory and creating them takes a little time, so usually, you dont want to use many. Remember, they compete for processor time. If your computer has multiple CPUs, then Windows or .NET might run each thread on a different CPU, but if several threads run on the same CPU, then only one can be active at a time and switching threads takes time. The CPU runs a thread for a few million instructions, and then it switches to another thread. All of the CPU registers, current program execution point and stack have to be saved somewhere for the first thread and then restored from somewhere else for the next thread. Creating a Thread In the namespace System.Threading, youll find the thread type. The constructor thread  (ThreadStart) creates an instance of a thread. However, in recent C# code, its more likely to pass in a lambda expression that calls the method with any parameters. If youre unsure about lambda expressions, it might be worth checking out LINQ. Here is an example of a thread that is created and started: using System; using System.Threading;namespace ex1{class Program{public static void Write1(){Console.Write(1) ;Thread.Sleep(500) ;}static void Main(string[] args){var task new Thread(Write1) ;task.Start() ;for (var i 0; i 10; i){Console.Write(0) ;Console.Write (task.IsAlive ? A : D) ;Thread.Sleep(150) ;}Console.ReadKey() ;}}} All this example does is write 1 to the console. The main thread writes a 0 to the console 10 times, each time followed by an A or D depending on whether the other thread is still Alive or Dead. The other thread only runs once and writes a 1. After the half-second delay in the Write1() thread, the thread finishes, and the Task.IsAlive in the main loop now returns D. Thread Pool and Task Parallel Library Instead of creating your own thread, unless you really need to do it, make use of a Thread Pool. From .NET 4.0, we have access to the Task Parallel Library (TPL). As  in the previous example, again we need a bit of LINQ, and yes, its all lambda expressions. Tasks uses the Thread Pool behind the scenes  but make  better use of the threads depending on the number in use. The main object in the TPL is a Task. This is a class that represents an asynchronous operation. The commonest way to start things running is with the Task.Factory.StartNew as in: Task.Factory.StartNew(() DoSomething()); Where DoSomething() is the method that is run. Its possible to create a task and not have it run immediately. In that case, just use Task like this: var t new Task(() Console.WriteLine(Hello));...t.Start(); That doesnt start the thread until the .Start() is called. In the example below, are five tasks. using System;using System.Threading;using System.Threading.Tasks;namespace ex1{class Program{public static void Write1(int i){Console.Write(i) ;Thread.Sleep(50) ;}static void Main(string[] args){for (var i 0; i 5; i){var value i;var runningTask Task.Factory.StartNew(()Write1(value)) ;}Console.ReadKey() ;}}} Run that and you  get the digits 0 through 4 output in some random order such as 03214. Thats because the order of task execution is determined by .NET. You might be wondering why the var value i is needed. Try removing it and calling Write(i), and youll see something unexpected like 55555. Why is this? Its because the task shows the value of i at the time that the task is executed, not when the task was created. By creating a new variable each time in the loop, each of the five values is correctly stored and picked up.

Marketing and PromotionBuilding the image and the brand Essay

Marketing and PromotionBuilding the image and the brand - Essay Example To begin with, it is simple. The simplicity is evident by the choice of two colours; whereby, purple is the background, and white represents the wordings. Thus, it makes it easy to describe and memorise. Second, the logo is timeless. Reason being, it is less trendy therefore it would be relevant for a long time. Third, the logo is versatile. Thus, it makes it possible to be printed in diverse sizes; over various mediums; and dissimilar purposes without losing its significance. Finally, the logo has entirely targeted its audience. This is evident by the use of purple and white colours. Purple meaning royalty and nobility whereas white meaning brilliance and safety. (Mallon) On a personal perspective, the logo for the Art Gallery of NSW would not benefit from any modification. Reason being; it has fully utilized the qualities of a good logo. These qualities include being simple; versatile; appropriate; memorable; timeless and distinctive. Consequently, they will have more customers; because they will have a good feeling towards the Gallery.

Using Your adopt a Business Assignment Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 500 words

Using Your adopt a Business - Assignment Example On that note, pre-purchase involve an awareness of the clients such as the products and services they want. Additionally, in sensitization of awareness, the retailer must learn the preferences and tastes of clients and receive a reliable feedback (Jefferson). That aspect brings us to information search. In order to gather a database related to customers, the business retailer should venture in the field and ask questions. Similarly, after information search an evaluation of alternatives and decision concerning purchase is significant. Furthermore, in a service encounter stage, an evaluation of contacts in terms of low and high should be considered. This assists in understanding of the servuction system and implications on service delivery in the business and how it affects clients. Additionally, in the post-purchase stage, a strict analysis of service performance is imperative in order to plan for future intentions. However, in Flower of Service Model there are various dimensions of how the business fits. For example, starting with business core service, payment before any delivery is extended to the customers. Furthermore, in terms of customer satisfaction, when one petal of the flower is broken such as hospitality during service, clients are bound to complain. Therefore, in applying Flower of Service Model, the retailer receives information through consultation from various sources (Mary). In addition, the retailer should consider taking orders earlier to avoid running out of stock. This will involve recording billings of stock and purchases made and profits and losses incurred. Alternatively, in terms of enhancement and facilitation of customer processes, the model, customers need to given relevant information connected to commodities and services offered by the retailer. Additionally, information should cover issues of sales, product change, warnings and reminders among others. There are numerous

Theory Of Orientalism And Disneys Aladdin Film Studies Essay

Theory Of Orientalism And Disneys Aladdin Film Studies Essay Using the concepts and theory of Orientalism from the lecture topic race and whiteness this essay will analyse the 1992 Disney film Aladdin. This essay will use the theory of Orientalism to analyse how Western culture depicts a constructed reality open the Eastern oriental body in order to promote an inferior East and a powerful West. This essay will first discuss what the concept and theory of Orientalism is before giving a brief synopsis of the movie Aladdin. This essay will then analysis the film Aladdin in relation to the constructed stereotypes that surround the oriental figure such as Western concepts of Eastern ideologies, physical appearance and the sexualising of the oriental figure. The concept of Orientalism can be described as the Wests objectifying and stereotyping of the East. What this means is Orientalism believes that western culture creates an identification of Eastern culture by assigning the East distinctive features and characteristics. These features and characteristics are assigned negative connotations, which are repeated through sources such as media until these negative connotations become the normalised way of seeing. Said suggests the stereotyping of Oriental representations functions to reduce the East to the status of inferior other of the West (Said, as cited in Pugliese, 2008, p.207). This essay uses the theory of Orientalism to analyse the film Aladdin and to deconstruct the Western themes of Orientalism imposed upon the Eastern other. The 1992 Disney film Aladdin is set in the ambiguous Middle Eastern city of Agribah. According to the Disneys website, the film follows the street-smart young thief protagonist Aladdin, as he pursues the beautiful Princess Jasmine, a liberated young lady who seeks to escape her present lifestyle. This plot is forwarded when the evil vizier, Jafar attempts to gain possession of a magical lamp in an attempt to rise to power, and decides he needs Aladdin a diamond in the rough (Disney, n.d.). We are able to see, even in the synopsis how Western media attempt to impose ideas upon Eastern figures. The Western protagonists are described as street-smart and beautiful and liberated, where as the Middle Eastern character of Jafar is described as evil. Western culture constructs and ideology of Eastern culture and beliefs and imposes these constructed ideas onto Eastern culture. From the beginning of the film there is an attempt at displaying the separation of ideologies between Eastern and Western cultures. With the people of the Middle Eastern city of Agrabah described as those who will cut off your ear if they dont like your face (Clements Musker, 1992). This description of the Eastern figure immediately imposes the idea of a barbaric individual and one other from normal society. It attempts to impose the idea that Eastern individuals carry a lack of morals and ethics. This is not the only imposed ideas on Eastern individuals, as later displayed in scenes with the antagonist characters Jafar and Gazeem. As Gazeem and Jafar attempt to enter Cave of Wonders the Western construction of the Eastern lack of morals is displayed. As Jafar asks Gazeem for the key to the cave Gazeem quips that he had to slit a few throats to get it (Clements Musker, 1992). This comment goes unrecognised by Jafar, and attempts to convey the Eastern individuals lack of compassion towards murder, and attempts to dehumanise the two Eastern characters. The Eastern character Gazeem then attempts to enter the Cave of Wonders, before moments later being engulfed by the mouth of the cave. The film has no sympathy for the Eastern villain and his death is shrugged off by the master villain Jafar stating Gazeem was obviously less than worthy (Clements Musker, 1992). The Western ideology is input through the films protagonist Aladdin. Aladdin encompasses the Western dream in his rags to riches story. Aladdin believes that he can one day make something of himself and be something of importance, an ideology which is seen as a goal in many Western societies. Throughout the film Aladdin must learn to be himself, and discovers the value of truth and honestly. Aladdins ideology of a life where he can be treated as an equal contrasts Jafars Eastern ideology that he can rise to power, and posses dominant control (Disney, n.d.). Jafars attempt at a rise to power'(Disney, n.d.) is symbolic of the Westerns fear of Eastern control, and inevitably Jafar/East must be stopped. In order to make the removal of the Eastern oriental figure favourable to audiences, the Eastern ideology is negatively constructed. Within the final scenes to prove Jafars difference and lack of morals Jafar is seen raising his hand to hit female protagonist Jasmine, an act condemned by many Western cultures. This act suggests the Easts lack of respect of women, and suggests an inferior and weak identity. In the film Aladdin the Western and Eastern characters do not only carry different ideologies but distinctively different appearances. Within the film the evil antagonist Jafar and henchmen Gazeem both carry the stereotypical Eastern appearance. The characters are both depicted as having darker skin, large noses and beards, and headdress which has become a characteristic associated with Middle Eastern appearance. These distinctive features as well as thick middle eastern accent become a signifier for the antagonists within the film. The characters such as the police and the man in the market place which threaten protagonists Aladdin and Jasmine both carry these characteristics. Within the film although the protagonists Aladdin and Jasmine are both intended to be of Eastern appearance they both carry American accents, and are lighter skinned than their Eastern counterparts. These characteristics allow the Western audience to accept these characters although they are also Eastern. Osuri suggests that whiteness emerges as a way of identifying groups of people associated with superiority (Osuri, 2008, p.199). What this means in terms of the film Aladdin is that the characters whiteness allows the audience to recognise subconsciously the superiority of these characters. This in turn positions these characters as the heroes and their whiteness allows the audience to support Aladdin and Jasmine, although they are also paradoxically Eastern. The gendered body also comes in to question when analysing the Oriental figure. As Pugliese suggests Orientalist discourses invariably represent the Orient as phallocentrically feminine contrasting the masculine West (2008, p.209). In Aladdin the oriental antagonist Jafar carries feminine attributes such as thin wrists, and it can be suggested his mannerisms carry that of a female. His use of large hand gestures is seen as inherently female, and his possession of jewellery carries female connotations. This characterising of the feminine oriental is intended to show the inferiority and weakness of the East in contrast to the masculine West. The masculine West is represented through the protagonist character of Aladdin, who contrasts the thin feminine oriental Jafar as the strong, muscular masculine West bounding through the streets of Agrabah. It should also be noted that throughout the film whilst all other males are seen wearing pants, Jafar the main Eastern antagonist is pictured wearing a long dress robe. The Middle Eastern appearance is much different from that of Western culture, and with Western Cultures very limited understanding of Middle Eastern culture the attempt at putting Jafar in a dress can be seen as a way of emasculating him as a male character. The emasculation of the male character also addresses his sexuality, and in the case of the oriental figure sexuality has always haunted its figuration. When examining the oriental figure, the sexualising of the oriental male accompanies its configuration. The Islamic male is displayed as the sexual deviant, indulging in a perverse form of sexual behaviour. In the film Aladdin the movies antagonist Jafar encompasses the characteristics of the sexualised oriental in the scene where he captures the female protagonist Jasmine. In this scene Jafar has the character Jasmine chained up, restricted in her movements. Her attire has now changed from her usual blue outfit to red, which can be seen as a symbol of Jafars ownership due to his trademark red attire throughout the movie. The movie also suggests Jafars sexual intent with Jasmine through scenes displayed at the beginning of the movie. Though subtle, Jasmines red outfit matches that of the suggested prostitutes which swoon over protagonist Aladdin as he bounds through the market place in his opening scene. By placing Jasmine in the same outfit the film suggests Jafars sexual intent, and the confinement from her chains suggests Jafar intends on keeping her as a sexual slave. This representation of the sexually frustrated oriental Jafar perpetuates the Western perspective that all Islamic men indulge in a perverse sexuality. As Puar and Rai suggest we often believe of the sexually frustrated Muslim men who are promised the heavenly reward of sixtyor even seventy virgins (2002, p.126). This representation of the sexualised oriental East perpetuates the difference and otherness which the West attempts to construct between East and West. The character Aladdin is representative of the Wests ideology of sexuality, and further constructs the idea of good Western sexuality, and evil East sexuality. In the opening scenes we see the masculine Aladdin running through the town of Agrabah being chased by the buffoonish Arab police. As he is doing so the audience is displayed a scene in which women are seen swooning over the young protagonist. Aladdin is seen talking to young women, as well as older women as he appears to effortlessly charm them with his Western charisma. Women are seen to be attracted to the analogy of the young Western male, initiating conversation in an attempt to be seen by him. This contrasts the Eastern Oriental male who is displays a perverse sexuality and must capture his female audience to gain attention. In conclusion when analysing the film Aladdin we are able to see how Orientalism affects the construction, and the reading of the film. While the film may first encompass the ideology of the rags to riches story, we are able to see that in order to further the Western protagonists story it must distort the Easts. This essay has displayed how Western culture enforces a constructed idea upon Eastern culture through constructing Western concepts of Eastern ideologies, physical appearance of the East and the sexualising of the oriental figure. These constructed ideas work to enforce the inferior East and the powerful West and create a cultural and racial hierarchy which works to promote the Wests cultural ideas.

Ethics, Morality, and Legality Essay

Ethics are defined as individual perceptions of what is right or wrong, good or bad based on an individuals morals and values and also based on social values. Too often bribery is mistaken for lobbying. Bribery is illegal and short-term while lobbying is legal and a more permanent solution. There exists certain loopholes in law that allow for bribery to take place in the name of lobbying as was the case for the Winter Olympics Scandal where Salt Lake Organizing Committee (SLOC) members gave gifts to International Olympic Committee (IOC) officials in a bid to influence them to pick salt lake city as the venue for the winter Olympics. Punishment for violating ethical and legal codes should be punitive as well as rehabilitative. However reforms should not be limited to the affected person to prevent future occurrences. Ethics, Morality, and Legality Bribery and lobbying are two phenomena that are very often misinterpreted such that it easy to confuse bribery for lobbying. According to the Merriam-Webster’s Online Dictionary, lobbying is â€Å"to promote, as a project, or secure the passage of, as legislation, by influencing public officials† (lobbying, n. d. ). Bribery on the other hand is regarded as illegal, but there has been a great debate as to whether bribery should be considered as unethical or illegal. However, most scholars and business people regard bribery as a phenomenon that ought to be regarded as unethical. There is a difference between these two phenomena that should be explored. Harstard and Svensson, argues that through lobbying firms can be able to change the rules to their advantage (Harstard and Svensson, 2005). As an option the firm may prefer to offer a bureaucrat a bribe so that he may bend the rules for them so that they may avoid the cost of complying. While lobbying results in a change, a bribe only bends the rules. However while a change of rules is more permanent the bureaucrat does not commit to not asking for a bribe in future. Based on a simple growth model, firms tend to prefer to bribe when the expected development is low but prefer to lobby when the expected development is high (Harstard and Svensson, 2005). The Foreign Corrupt Practices Act (15 U. S. C. sec. 78) stipulates that it is illegal for US firms to give bribes locally or internationally. The act defines a bribe as an illegal payment meant to influence or sway an official to award or maintain a business activity. So there has to be possible profit from any venture for which a firm allegedly bribes in order for it qualify as a bribe. In the case of alleged bribery by members of the Salt Lake Organizing Committee (SLOC) to the members of the International Olympic Committee (IOC) to select Salt Lake City as the 2002 Winter Olympics’ venue the committee could have defended themselves in the following way: the committee could have argued that while it is illegal to give bribes, it was not illegal to give gifts and in fact the IOC rules provided for gift offering so long as the value of the gifts did not exceed 150 dollars. Ethics are defined as the beliefs about what is right or wrong, good and bad and is based on an individual’s values and morals and how the behavior is perceived by society. Legal principles are derived from the society’s or a firm’s ethical principles. Since ethical and legal principles are what drive firms and societies in general, they are therefore important. Violation of ethical and legal principles should be punishable by legal sanctions such as imprisonment (Rawl, 1994). The former Volkswagen personnel director Klaus Volkert who sentenced to two years in prison for involvement in a bribery scandal that financed prostitutes and exotic holidays for union officials in order to get their support in management plans. However punishment should not be the only motive behind legal sanctions, the authorities should also aim at rehabilitating the affected person (Punishment, 2003). The remedies should not be limited to punishment of the affected employee rather there should be reforms in the entire organization in order to avert future scandals and to create a better business culture. Ethics drive organizations and societies. Each organization has its own code of ethics which must be followed by its personnel. Often bribery is mistaken for lobbying and might be used by organizations in a bid to achieve its goals. However bribery is illegal and goes against ethics and law. Those who engage in bribery should be punished. References Harstad, B. , Svensson, J. (2005). Bribe or Lobby: It’s a Matter of Development. Retrieved July 18 2010, from, http://www. kellogg. northwestern. edu/base/papers/harstad. pdf Lobbying. (n. d. ) Merriam Webster Dictionary. Retrieved July 18 2010, from, http://www. merriam-webster. com/dictionary/lobbying Punishment. (2003). Stanford Encyclopedia of Philosophy. Retrieved July 18 2010, from, http://plato. stanford. edu/entries/punishment/ Rawls, J. (1994). Punishment. Retrieved July 18 2010, from, http://ethics. sandiego. edu/Applied/deathpenalty/Rawls. html